Although weather conditions will definitely impact a ship’s navigation, counting on them to keep to a certain course poses a high risk. A recent Mars Report describes a passenger ship hitting rocks after it was expected the tide would keep it on its intended track.
The Mars reports are compiled (anonymously) by The Nautical Institute to prevent other accidents from happening. A summary of what happened in this case:
A passenger ship was inbound in daylight and fair visibility. The master gave the pilot a briefing regarding the ship’s manoeuvring characteristics; the ship was highly manoeuvrable and would ‘turn on a dime’, he said. The master told the pilot that a three-degree helm order would create a rate of turn of ten to fifteen degrees per minute.
The bridge team would consist of the pilot at the con while the master would have overall navigational command. The staff captain would be in charge of communications while the first officer would be in charge of electronic navigation and collision avoidance. Finally, the second officer would be in charge of plotting the ship’s position on the navigational chart.
The pilot and master discussed and agreed the intended passage plan, noting a strong flood tide that would be running astern. However, the subsequent investigation found that, due to miscommunication during the exchange, the passage inwards began with the master and pilot having different understandings of how the first turn would be conducted.
The ship was lined up with the leading navigation lights and entered the channel without incident. As the pilot took the con, the master briefed the staff captain on the master/pilot exchange and explained his understanding of how they were going to negotiate the turn to port.
The rest of the bridge team were not included in this conversation and essentially relied on what they overheard.
Under the pilot’s con, the first alteration of course to port was initiated using three degrees of port helm. At this time, the vessel had a speed over ground (SOG) of nearly 18 knots. The initial helm order was followed by successive increases to five and then ten degrees of rudder.
About one minute after the initial three degree port helm order an off track alarm flashed on the ECDIS, but this information was not brought to the attention of the master or the pilot. The alarm appeared only as a visual indicator on the radar screen because its audio had been muted prior to the ship entering the channel (see VDR screen capture).
Even so, the master and pilot soon realised that the ship was proceeding dangerously close to a known rock shoal, so twenty degrees of port rudder was ordered, immediately followed by maximum port rudder.
About three minutes after the initial helm order of three degrees, and despite the emergency helm order, the ship’s bilge keel and the starboard propeller made contact with the rock as the ship passed. The ship was then navigated back to the centre of the channel and continued on its passage to port without further incident.
Report findings
The official report on this accident discusses the concept of allowing a ship to depart from an intended track in the belief that other influences, such as tide in this case, would return the ship to the intended track. The report notes that this carries a high risk when manoeuvring large ships in narrow waterways where margins for error are small.
The report posits that there is less risk when a ship is kept strictly to the intended track by increasing or decreasing its rate of turn in response to the external influences such as tide and wind. This method has the advantage of being unambiguous for other members of the bridge team tasked with monitoring the progress of the ship against the planned track.
Advice from The Nautical Institute
- Plan safely and then execute safely. In this case, the intended route, as entered in the ECDIS, was a good plan, but it was not adhered to.
- Muting alarms on an ECDIS is not considered industry good practice.
- If conditions allow, consider reducing speed for manoeuvres in restricted waterways. This will give more time for the bridge team to react to deviations in the plan.
- One may ask how a well crewed and equipped vessel under pilotage in daylight and good visibility can hit a rock. Humans are fallible, and therefore we all make mistakes. Bridge resource management (BRM) was developed as a means of interrupting the accident sequence by eliminating what is referred to as ‘single-point failure’. But if mariners continue to operate ships the same way they did before the inception of BRM, single-point failure will continue to be a weak link that leads to failure.
Mars Reports
This accident was covered in the Mars Reports, originally published as Mars 201982, that are part of Report Number 326. A selection of this Report has also been published in SWZ|Maritime’s January issue. The Nautical Institute compiles these reports to help prevent maritime accidents. That is why they are also published on SWZ|Maritime’s website.
More reports are needed to keep the scheme interesting and informative. All reports are read only by the Mars coordinator and are treated in the strictest confidence. To submit a report, please use the Mars report form.